Objective(s):

1. Describe anatomy of blood
   1. Plasma
      1. water:  thermal, cohesive, solvent, also osmosis
      2. electrolytes (inorganic:  Na, K, salts (anions & cations)
      3. buffer: molecules that can accept of donate H+ ions (donate to bases and accept from acids to keep pH stable)  
   2. Cells
      1. erythrocytes
      2. leukocytes
         1. macrophage
         2. lymphocyte
            • T-lymphocyte (kill infected cells with toxins - external to themselves)
            • B-lymphocyte (make antibodies)
   3. Platelets
      1. thrombocytes
2. Describe function of blood
   1. Describe role of oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose in organisms in general terms
   2. Based on location (ie. muscle/intestine/lung/brain), explain whether oxygen/carbon dioxide/glucose are moving from tissue into blood or vice versa.
   3. Explain purpose of blood
      1. including molecules dissolved in the blood and their function
      2. cells in the blood and their function
         • special features of erythrocyte shape
         • contrast eruthrocyte shape with leuokocyte shape
3. Sickle cell anemia
   1. Describe cause of disease
      1. One chromosome (pair) has gene for making globin protein (used in [E] to carry oxygen)
         • Genes are instructions for making protiens and are part of DNA
      2. Gene for making Globin has an error (one letter changed)
      3. Mistake causes "globin" to be sticky when oxygen released
      4. It takes four globins to make one Hb
      5. Each globin contains one "heme" group
         • "heme" is the Fe containing group
         • Heme is oxygen binding site
      6. With mutation, [E] globin proteins are "misshapen"- when they lost the oxygen (systemic circulation)
      7. Mishapen globin tend to attach in long chains (instead of in only groups of 4)
      8. This causes [E] to be long and sickle shaped (like banana)
      9. When [E] is re-oxygenated, then cell springs back to normal shape
      10. Cell change shape each pass of circulation
      11. This "springing" back and forth cause [E] to be damaged and discarded.  They last 10-30 days in blood instead of 100-110 days in blood.
   2. Describe condition (symptoms and characterisitics)Problems caused:
      1. cells jam in capillaries; can't move; causing pain due to lack of "oxygen"
      2. cells spring into sickle or round (depending on oxygen) and this changing shape causes them to break earlier --> fewer [E] making "anemia"
   3. Describe diagnosis of sickle cell anemia
      1. Blood test - low [E] count
      2. Screening test to see what kind of Hb is made
         • gel electrophoresis (dif Hb travel different distance depending on shape
   4. Describe treament of sickle cell anemia
      1. [basically only treat pain; you can;t change genes - insructions are permananet in your body]
      2. keep patient warm - prevent them getting cold
      3. increase fluid intake - to make blood volume maximum

Last Class:

Review types of blood cells and practiced compare and contrast questions.

Today's Lesson:

•   Review sickle cell anemia

Assignment:

• Prepare for test tomorrow.